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Unit V - E-Governance Models

E-governance:

E-governance has gained more popularity in convoluted business world. Many management scholars have described the concept of e-governance which is emerging as an important activity in the business field. It is established that E-governance is the application of information and communication technologies to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of informational and transactional exchanges with in government, between government & govt. agencies of National, State, Municipal and Local levels, citizen & businesses, and to empower citizens through access & use of information (Mahapatra, 2006).
World Bank explained the E-governance as the use by government agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and or cost reductions."
According to the international organization, UNESCO, "Governance refers to the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a country's affairs, including citizens' articulation of their interests and exercise of their legal rights and obligations. E-Governance may be understood as the performance of this governance via the electronic medium in order to facilitate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the public, and other agencies, and for performing government administration activities". The Council of Europe elaborated e-Governance as "the use of electronic technologies in three areas of public action such as relations between the public authorities and civil society, the functioning of the public authorities at all stages of the democratic process (electronic democracy) and the provision of public services (electronic public services).

A Short History of E-Government:

Begun approximately a decade ago, e-government refers to the application of the Internet and other information technology (IT) to provide governmental information and services electronically. It offers the potential of increased convenience to the public by making such services available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, coupled with the advantages of improved accuracy and also reduced cost to the government, deriving from its requiring little or no direct interaction with a government employee. (See Box 1.1 in Chapter 1 of this report for more on the distinction between electronic services and e-government and on the terminology used in this report, generally.) This appendix offers some context for the Social Security Administration’s (SSA’s) e-government activities and plans. The appendix consists of a brief look at the legal and policy background information as well as the history of the federal government’s experience with e-government, what the status of e-government is across the United States and to some extent internationally, and then how the SSA’s role and progress compared with those of other government agencies.

E-Governance in India:

In India, the the main thrust for e-Governance was provided by the launching of NICNET in 1987 – the national satellite-based computer network. This was followed by the launch of the District Information System of the National Informatics Centre (DISNIC) programme to computerize all district offices in the country for which free hardware and software was offered to the State Governments. NICNET was extended via the State capitals to all district headquarters by 1990. In the ensuing years, with ongoing computerization, tele-connectivity and internet connectivity established a large number of e-Governance initiatives, both at the Union and State levels.

E Governance-Applications:

In the arena of advanced technology, e-government has distinct place and it facilitates to a huge number of customers to perform their task speedily. As the Internet supported digital communities grow, they present the national governments with numerous challenges and opportunities. e-Governance which also known as electronic governance is basically the application of Information and Communications Technology to the processes of Government functioning in order to bring about 'Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent' governance (Governance for The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007), Planning Commission, November 2001 ). E-governance involves the use of ICTs by government organisations for Exchange of information with citizens, businesses or other government departments, Faster and more efficient delivery of public services, Improving internal efficiency, Reducing costs / increasing revenue, Re-structuring of administrative processes and Improving the quality of services.

E-governance evolution in India:  

The notion of e-governance evolved in India during the seventies with a focus on development of in-house government applications in the areas of defence, economic monitoring, planning and the deployment of information technology to manage data-intensive functions related to elections, census, and tax administration. In the Indian scenario, there were great efforts of the National Informatics Centre (NIC) to join all the district headquarters during the eighties. In the beginning of nineties, IT technologies were improved by ICT technologies to extend its use for broader sectorial applications with policy emphasis on reaching out to rural areas and taking in greater inputs from NGOs and the private sector as well. There has been an increasing involvement of International donor agencies under the framework of e-governance for development to catalyse the expansion of e-governance laws and technologies in developing nations.

E-Governance Modals:

Broadcasting - Wider Dissemination Model
The model is based on the dissemination of government information already available in the public domain into the wider public domain through the use of ICT and convergent media.

Critical Flow Model
The model is based on the principle of dissemination/ channelizing of information of critical value to a targeted audience or in wider public domain through the use of ICT and convergent media. This model requires a foresight and understanding of the "use value" of a particular information set and locating users to whom the availability of a particular information set would make a critical difference.

Comparative Analysis Model:
The Comparative Knowledge Model is one of the least-used but a highly influential model that is gradually gaining acceptance.  The model, if used innovatively, can fully harness the potential and capacity offered by the rapidly expanding Information and Communication Technologies and aim it towards better governance.  The model is based on exploring the information available in the public or private domain and comparing it with the known information sets to derive strategic learnings and arguments. Essentially, the model continuously assimilates new Knowledge Products and uses them as a precedence or benchmark to evaluate, influence or advocate changes in current policies and actions. The comparison could be made over a time scale to get a snapshot of the past and present situation or could be used to compare the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing two different situations.
Interactive - Service Model:
The Interactive-Service model is a consolidation of the earlier model and opens up avenues for direct participation of individuals in the governance processes. Fundamentally, ICT has the potential to bring in every individual in a digital network and enable two-way/interactive flow of information amongst them. The the potential of ICT for the governance is fully leveraged in this model and leads to greater participation, efficiency and transparency in the functioning of the government as well as savings in time and costs relating to decision-making. 


Video Lecture Links:
https://youtu.be/LNrLmKtl3QY

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