5.1 Indicators And Importance Of Human Resource Development:
Human resources indicate those people who have a high
level of knowledge, ability, experience and willingness to perform a particular
work. in our common understanding, we consider human resources and human being
the same but from an economic perspective, there is a difference in human
resources and human beings. All the people of a nation are human beings but
they all are not human resources. The human resources Indicate the active age
group people who can economically contribute in the country. The human
resources have better knowledge, skill, efficiency, experience to perform the work.
Therefore, the importance of human resource is increasing in the modem age.
Role and Importance of human resource in the economic development
The active human resources of a country play an
important role in the economic development of a nation. Especially in the modem
age, the importance of skilled human resources is increasing every day Some of the
importance of roles of human resources is discussed below
1) Agricultural development Development of agriculture
in the context of Nepal is the primary goal of the country. Still, the
agriculture in Nepal is labour intensive so the manpower that is needed to work
in agriculture must be skilled or highly qualified. The development of agriculture
depends upon the use of scientific tools, new ideas, a scientific method which
needs active human resources. In order to change the agriculture profession
from subsistence level (livelihood) to the business-oriented professions skill
human resources is necessary.
2) Optimum use of resources The development of any
nation is determined by the availability and optimum use of resources. There is
always a need for active human resources to have the optimum use of resources. The
natural resources such as water, forest, minerals can be sustainably used with
the active human power only
3) Development of industries In this modern age of
industrialization, the development of any country is accelerated by the
establishment of industries. In order to develop other sectors, industrial
development is very necessary. Industrialization of any nation depends on the
use of modern technology, new ideas, productive machinery, regular supply of
raw materials and energy. These all basic things for industrialization are not
possible without skilled, trained and active human resources.
4) Large scale production Human resource is one of the
active factors of production. It is only that factor which uses another factor
such as capital, land and organization for the production. With the optimum use
of resources, large scale production can be made with human resources.
It can produce a large quantity o the goods which are used for a different
purpose. In economics, we believe that the village scale production always
helps for economic development.
5) Social reforms In the context of Nepal the social
hazards such as Early marriage, caste system, dowry system etc are the major
of obstruction for the development of a nation. The development of a country is
not possible without reforming such social hazards. In order to change the mind
of the people along time-solving this kind of social problem, human resources
are necessary. Only the skill human resources have ideas about the causes and
consequences of such social problems. Therefore only the skilled human resources
can reform society slowing such social problems.
6) Sustainable development The concept of sustainable
development can be effectively implemented with the help of skilled and active
human resources. Mobilization of active human resources in the different fields
of production helps to achieve faster economic growth and sustainable
development. The use of human resources in the developed nations is an
example to justify that sustainable development is possible only with the
active human resources
7) The invention of new technology and its use In this
modern age of science and technology every time a country needs to invent new
technology to continue the development. Development of technology only
does not help to determine the development of a nation. That means such
technology must be brought in use. Without skilled human resources neither the
invention of new technology is possible nor it can be used. So, in order to use
the latest tools and technique to maximize production, there should be
skilled human resources
8) The right use of the time In order to accelerate the
development, there is a need for the right use of the time in different sectors
of production. Only the active human resource can understand the value of time
and use it properly in the process of development. Such people have the
abilities and ideas about when and how to work for the development of a country
9) Economic development Human resource is considered
as one of the most important infrastructures of development. Every time we want
the change for us and a better e for the purpose the human resources is
considered as an agent of development. The development of another
infrastructure for the economic development of a country is not possible
without active human resources
Some major indicators of different
the criterion of human development are:
1. Economic
indicators It includes per capita income, basic needs, employment
opportunities, dependency ratio, national income etc. They help to judge the
standard of the people.
2. Demographic indicators It mentions population
growth rate, total fertility rate, Infant mortality rate, etc. They examine the
condition of human being of the country
3. Health indicators It includes life expectancy rate,
safe drinking water, health worker-consumer ratio, the number of health
workers, a number of a health post and hospitals etc. It reflects the real
condition of the people.
4. Educational indicators We can examine human
development condition of the country through the academic indicators like
literacy rate, student-teacher radio etc.
5.2 The role of education in human capital formation are as follows:
1. An educated society facilities better development
than an illiterate one.
2. Education provides new aspirations and imports a
modern outlook to children.
3. Education makes people concerned for themselves and
others, improve productivity and prosperity, and enriches life experience.
4. It does not only contribute towards the growth of an
individual but also helps in the development of society as a whole.
5. Along with increasing the efficiency of the
Government, education also increases the national income along with other
cultural richness.
Role of health in the human capital formation are as follow:
Only a healthy person
can work efficiently and with full potential.
A healthy person can
work in a more effective manner.
A healthy person can
work in a productive way and in this way it can contribute better to the
development of the economy of the country.
The unhealthy person
becomes a liability for the organization and country.
Thus for the
development of human capital and country the health is the most important
component.
5.3 requirement of capital formation: Incremental Capital Output Ratio
What Is the Incremental Capital Output Ratio
(ICOR)?
The incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR) is a
frequently used tool that explains the relationship between the level of
the investment made in the economy and the consequent increase in GDP. ICOR indicates the
an additional unit of capital or investment needed to produce an additional unit
of output.
The utility of ICOR is that with more and more
investment, the capital-output ratio itself may change and hence the usual capital-output ratio will not be useful. It is a metric that assesses the
marginal amount of investment capital necessary for a country or other entity
to generate the next unit of production.
Overall, a higher ICOR value is not preferred because it
indicates that the entity's production is inefficient. The measure is used
predominantly in determining a country's level of production efficiency.
5.4 Domestic Savings and Capital Formation in India
Domestic Savings in India:
In India, domestic saving has been considered as one
of the major sources of capital formation. The Central Statistical Organisation
(CSO) has been preparing the estimates of domestic saving for the entire
planning period of the country.
Saving has been defined by CSO, “The
excess of current income over current expenditure and is the balancing item on
the income and outlay accounts of producing enterprise and households,
government administration and other final consumers.”
For the estimation of domestic savings, the whole
the economy is broadly classified into three institutional sectors.
These include:
(a) Household,
(b) Private corporate and
(c) Public.
Definitions of Capital Formation:
Capital formation actually signifies a very important
aspect of economic development. This means making and increasing of more
capital goods, such as machines, tools, factories, buildings, raw materials,
fuels, etc., which are to be further used in producing more goods.
It should, however, be very clearly understood that
capital formation does not mean an increase in money capital, but it actually
refers to increase in physical capital, i.e., machinery, factories, transport
equipment, bridges, power projects, dams, irrigation systems, etc. To sum up,
capital formation implies the creation of real assets.
“Formation of capital implies that
society uses its present production not only for the satisfaction of its
consumption but also uses a part of it on capital goods that are making
machines, transport facilities or other production equipment.” - NURKSE
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